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Instructions of How to Write a Narrative Text

 How to Write a Narrative Story

A good narration tell a story in an interesting way by adding elements of suspense so that the reader will want to know how the story will turn out. The writer may choose to make the story humorous by adding elements of comedy or jokes. A well written narration will contain several elements:

1. It will tell you what happened, where and how the action happened, and it will let you know who was involved in the action.

2. The emphasis on detail should be well chosen and thought-out making sure to describe the characters in detail. Describe the way they look, what they are wearing, and be sure to include something special about that character (such as a scar or if he/she talks with an accent).

3. Don't overdo it with the detailing because then your story will become to wordy and the reader may lose interest. When in doubt look to your five senses for the details this will let the reader know what the characters see, feel, touch, taste and hear.

4. Make sure your story is organized. You can do this by using chronological order. The beginning will set the scene for the story, the middle should tell the story, and the end should bring the story to a conclusion.

5. To add some interest to your story you may want to use flashbacks. You can use flashbacks by starting in the middle to begin your story this may help to build your story.

6. You can also tell a narrative story from a first person point of view. By starting your story with "I" it is like you're participating in the story. With the right wording you can make your story sound like it really happened.

7. And lastly make sure you stay on the target of your story. Do you want your narrative to entertain, inform or give an emotion?

8. When you are through writing you narrative story be sure to revise or edit it.

Step 1

Think about what you want the main message of your story to be and if possible what you want to get your readers to think. Give your readers the feeling that they want to really think about problems, issues or ideas you bring up. a) What is your main message going to be about?

Step 2

Structure your introduction so that it grabs the reader's1^ attention. It should also make a point. The introductory phrase should be short and interesting, state a thesis and tell why the story is significant.

a) What is your introduction going to be?

Step 3

Write the main body. The main body can have as many paragraphs as you want, but it should have at least three. Each paragraph should cover one idea and follow a logical pattern. The easiest way to do this is to put the events in chronological order.

a) What are three things that you are going to encounter in your story?

Step 4

Sum up your narrative with a conclusion which is just as important to your story as the introduction. If you don't feel comfortable summarizing the idea of your story, you can end with plans for the future or a rhetorical question.

a) How is your story going to end. What is the moral of the story.

Guide for Writing an Analytical Exposition

GUIDE FOR WRITING AN ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

How to write an Analytical Exposition

The purpose of an analytical essay is to propose and support an argument. By analyzing the material on which the essay is based, the essay writer should develop a position regarding the accuracy of the original information. The introduction is one of the most important parts of an analytical essay. This is because it is in the introduction that the reader will receive his first impression of the essayist's position

 Regardless of what the essay is about, most analytical or expository essays conform to a specific structure; they all have an introduction, a main body and a conclusion.

Before Writing

Step 1

Select your topics to provide evidence for your thesis. Try to pick something manageable, that will fit within the space specifications of your essay.

Step 2

Organize your ideas. You can do this in several different ways. For instance, some people will simply make a list of their ideas and select the ones they want. Other people who think more visually might make a tree of their ideas, beginning with the central topic and drawing "branches" to represent other ideas working from the central topic. Some people might engage in free-writing, simply putting their ideas on paper with no worries for structure, simply to see where their ideas go.

Step 3

Write a thesis statement. This is the single most important section of your essay. The thesis statement is essentially a sentence that explains what your central argument or idea is. You will use this idea to develop everything else in your essay. While thesis statements are usually only one sentence long, they can be longer if necessary, but the more direct your thesis, the better.

Step 4

With your thesis statement in mind, pick three or four ideas from your previous work in Step 2 that you feel support this statement.

Step 5

Write a topic sentence for each one of these ideas. These will be the topic sentences for each paragraph of your essay's main body.

Step 6

Plot the body of your essay. This is where the introduction--main body--conclusion structure comes into play. Take each of the topic sentences you wrote for the main body, and decide the order in which you wish to present them.

Writing

Step 1

Write your introduction. The introduction must include your thesis statement as well as a summary of your topic sentences for each paragraph in the main body. You also want to capture the reader's interest, making certain that he or she will read your essay all the way through.

Tips

·         Understand the source material thoroughly. Every analytical essay is essentially a commentary on someone else's work. This means that an effective analytical essay writer is someone who is able to read and understand the source material exceptionally well.

·         Grab the reader's attention. By including a quotation or controversial statement in the first few lines of the introduction you generate interest in your essay. This increases the likelihood that your essay will leave an impression and actually influence the reader's opinion.

·         Summarize the source material. This summarization is sometimes referred to as an abstract and should be included in the introduction. The summary should inform the reader of the title and author of the source document as well as provide a brief overview of the source document's main points. By including this abstract in the introduction, the reader will have a better idea of the context in which your argument arose.

·         Finish with a thesis statement. A thesis statement is a concise sentence that outlines precisely what the main argument of your essay is. The thesis statement is going to be the main idea or position that the remainder of your essay is going to support. It is important that this position be an opinion rather than a fact, since it must be something that can be argued both for and against.

Step 2

Write a paragraph for each of the topic sentences. Expand upon how this topic sentence supports your thesis, and provide any information you wish in support.

Step 3

Write a concluding paragraph for your essay. The conclusion must restate the thesis, restate each of your arguments in support of the thesis, and generally bring the essay to an effective close. Make sure to word all of these differently than you did at the beginning and in the body. Also, make sure to never introduce any new material in the conclusion.

Intro and Conclusion hints

Construct the Introduction using the key facts. For instance, if your subject is "Chocolate," your introduction can be "Chocolate is a sugary concoction made out of the cocoa bean." Write out all of the facts in the same manner.

The "thesis" is very important, it is the last sentence in the Introduction, which will tell the readers what the essay will be about.

Build the thesis statement using three reasons to back up and support it. Your thesis should look something like this: "Chocolate is over-rated because it is too rich, too fattening, and not tasty."

The conclusion paragraph is much like a conclusion sentence; it ends your exposition by summing up the points you made earlier.

Restate the importance of the topic you covered. For example, "Chocolate is enjoyed by many people the world over." Then restate the reasons you like or dislike chocolate. Then, in your final sentence, you will want to write a sentence that looks toward the future, such as, "In the future, I wish to never see chocolate again," or something to that effect.

Analytical Exposition

Definition of Analytical Exposition

Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.

Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition

1. Thesis (introduction): Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position

2. Arguments (body): Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position

3. Reiteration (conclusion): Restating the writer’s position

Language Features of Analytical Exposition

Using relational process            :    Relationships between and among leaders, 
                                                     workers, followers, partners, co-workers, etc. 
                                                     People knowing and caring about people.

Using External conjunctions      :    enhancing by linking to real world events                                                     (Holocaust, the Final Solution, death trains)

Using internal conjunction         :    elaborating and itemising steps in an argument                                                     (firstly… secondly .. next… finally)

Using causal conjunction           :   the cause of an event…. Because

Using Contrastive conjunction   :   but… nevertheless

Using Simple Present Tense      :   (Bruno is a quiet boy)

                                                    – NOT PAST TENSE (Bruno was a quiet boy)

Example ONE

Basic Essay

The Unhealthy Fast Food

Fast food nowadays is considered a normal eating venture. People are not just eating out on special occasions or weekends anymore. It means that all the time they mostly eat fast foods. However is fast food good for health?

Fast food has its popularity in the 1940’s. Within a few years, fast-food operations popped up everywhere. With the compelling rise in fast-food restaurants since the 1940’s, oddly it started the rise in obesity and cancer during that same time period.

Fast food is highly processed with a wide array of additives. To ensure fast food’s low cost, the fast food products are made with highly-processed ingredients to give it shelf-life, to hold consistency, and to enhance flavor. Fast food is altered from its original healthy form.

It is not the calories in fast food which damage health and waistline. It is the chemical additives such as aspartame and MSG (monosodium glutamate). Studies show that the chemical additives lead to weight and disease issues.

So, there is absolutely nothing nutritional about fast food. Fast food simply feeds hunger and craving.

Example TWO

2. Thorough Essay

                                    Extract: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

..The representations constructed by the author influence the reader to accept certain ways of thinking and seeing through the eyes of a child. In the book, ‘The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’, the author John Boyne has constructed diverse multiple representations of youth in society during the holocaust. John’s construction of the characters Bruno, Gretal and Shmuel show the different cultural assumptions, attitudes, values, beliefs and innocence, which underpin youth and their peers. John Boyne challenges aspects of youth discourses through the characters and relationship of Bruno and Shmuel. 

The reader is therefore positioned to become aware of the conflict between the different cultures and the youth discovering individual identities and the pressures to conform to societal expectations. In the text, Bruno, the main character, was constructed by John as initially being oblivious and naïve to the Final Solution. Throughout the novel Bruno is emerging into a young boy and trying to discover his role in society and the horror of the world surrounding him. As a part of his personal growth and discovering what is beyond his own life, he becomes involved with a Jewish …..

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Exercises on Report Text 2

1. Kangaroo

A kangaroo is an animal found only in Australia, although it has a smaller relative, called a wallaby, which lives on the Australian island of Tasmania and also in New Guinea.

Kangaroos eat grass and plants. They have short front legs, but very long, and very strong back legs and a tail. These are used for sitting up and for jumping. Kangaroos have been known to make forward jumps of over eight metres, and leap across fences more than three metres high. They can also run at speeds of over 45 kilometres per hour.

The largest kangaroos are the Great Grey Kangaroo and the Red Kangaroo. Adult grow to a length of 1.60 metres and weigh over 90 kilos.

Kangaroos are marsupials. This means that the female kangaroo has an external pouch on the front of her body. A baby kangaroo is very tiny when it is born, and it crawls at once into this pouch where it spends its first five months of life

2. What Is Thunder and Lightning?

Lightning is a sudden, violent fl ash of electricity between a cloud and the ground, or from cloud to cloud. A lightning fl ash, or bolt, can be several miles long. It is so hot, with an average temperature of 34,000° Centigrade, that the air around it suddenly expands with a loud blast. This is the thunder we hear.

Lightning occurs in hot, wet storms. Moist air is driven up to a great height. It forms a type of cloud called cumulonimbus. When the cloud rises high enough, the moisture freezes and ice crystals and snowfl akes are formed. These begin to fall, turning to rain on the way down. This rain meets more moist air rising, and it is the friction between them which produces static electricity. When a cloud is fully charged with this electricity, it discharges it as a lightning fl ash.

3. Platypus; a report text

Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like duckbill. Platypus is a native Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia.

Platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body length is 30 to 45cm and covered with a thick, and woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey and stirring up mud. Platypus' eyes and head are small. It has no ears but has ability to sense sound and light.

Platypus lives in streams, rivers, and lakes. Female platypus usually dig burrows in the streams or river banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to protect it from intruders and flooding. In the other hand, male platypus does not need any burrow to stay.

4. The Camel

The camel is a large, strong desert animal. Camels can travel great distances across hot, dry deserts with little food or water. They walk easily on soft sand and carry people and heavy hump. The hump is a large lump of fat providing energy if food is hard to fi nd.

There are two chief kinds of camels: (1) the Arabian camel also loads to places that have no roads. Camels also serve the people of the desert in many other ways.

The camel carries its own built-in food supply on its back in the form of a called dromedary, which has one hump, and (2) Bactrian camel, which has two humps.

5. The Red Bird Of Paradise

An Indonesian endemic, the Red Bird of Paradise is distributed to lowland rainforests of Waigeo and Batanta islands of West Papua. This species shares its home with another bird of paradise, the Wilson's Bird of Paradise. Hybridisation between these two species are expected but not recorded yet.

The Red Bird of Paradise, Paradisaea rubra is a large, up to 33cm long, brown and yellow bird of paradise with a dark brown iris, grey legs and yellow bill. The male has an emerald green face, a pair of elongated black corkscrew-shaped tail wires, dark green feather pompoms above each eye and a train of glossy crimson red plumes with whitish tips at either side of the breast.

The male measures up to 72 cm long, including the ornamental red plumes that require at least six years to fully attain. The female resembles the male but is smaller in size, with a dark brown face and has no ornamental red plumes. The diet consists mainly of fruits, berries and arthropods.


 INSTRUCTIONS !!!....

1. CHOOSE THREE OF FIVE SAMPLES OF REPORT TEXT ABOVE AND WRITE DOWN SOME INFORMATION IN EACH TEXT!!.. 
2. WRITE YOUR ANSWERS IN MS WORD AND SEND IT TO MY EMAIL!!... 

Exercises on Report Text 1

SOME EXAMPLES OF REPORT TEXT

Text 1:

SNAKES

Snakes are reptiles (cold-blooded creatures). They belong to the same group as lizards (the scaled group, Squamata) but from a sub-group of their own (Serpentes)
Appearance
Snakes have two legs but a long time ago they had claws to help them slither along.
Snakes are not slimy. They are covered in scales which are just bumps on the skin. Their skin is hard and glossy to reduce friction as the snake slithers along the ground
Behaviour
Snakes often sun bake on rocks in the warm weather. This is because snakes are cold-blooded and they need the sun’s warmth to heat their boy up.
Most snakes live in the country. Some types of snakes live in trees, some live in water, but most live on the ground in deserted rabbit burrows, in thick, long grass and in old logs
A snake’s diet usually consists of frogs, lizards, and mice and other snakes. The Anaconda can eat small crocodiles and even boars.
Many snakes protect themselves with their fangs. Boa Constrictors can give you a bear hug which is so powerful it can crush every single bone in your body. Some snakes are protected by scaring their enemies away like the Cobra. The flying snakes glides away from danger. Their ribs spread apart and the skin stretches out. Its technique is just like the sugar glider’s

Text 2:

RHINOCEROSES

Rhinoceroses are wild animals which live in the forest.
They have large heavy bodies. Their skins are very thick. They have horns on their noses. Their weight can be more than 2.250 kilograms for each.
Rhinoceroses eat grass. They have so good muscle structures that they can run and change directions very fast. They can sprint at 56 km an hour. Rhinoceros have been reported to enter campsites at night; they scatter smouldering logs of fire, and then peacefully walk away. Rhinoceroses don’t have very good eyesight for distance. The oxpeckers always accompany them. They give them warning system.
Rhinoceroses are hunted for their horns. They are used to make traditional medicine. The rhinos are listed as endangered on the Red List of Threatened species.

A. Answer the questions below based on the text above.
1. What does the text tell us about?
2. What are on their noses?
3. What do they eat?
4. How fast can they run?
5. What do the oxpeckers give them?

B. Read carefully the text above to fill in the blanks below.
1. The text above consists of .......... paragraphs.
2. The General Classification is stated in paragraph …………
3. The description of appearance is in paragraph ………………
4. The third paragraph describes about rhinoceroses’ ……………
5. The Parts of the topic are mentioned in paragraph …………
6. The parts of rhinoceroses are ………………………………………………
7. The habits of rhinoceroses are stated in paragraph …………
8. Examples of rhinoceroses’ habits are ………………………………………
9. Passive forms of verbs are found in paragraph ………
10. Examples of passive form of verbs are ……………………………………


Good Luck !!!..